TUGAS ETIKA PROFESI AKUNTANSI MINGGU KE 3
Nama  : Muhammad Ashar Hafiz
NPM   : 29210200
Kelas  : 4EB15


Tugas Individu


Tugas Kelompok

Tugas Minggu 1 Etika Profesi Akuntansi

Nama : Muhammad Ashar Hafiz

NPM : 29210200

Kelas : 4EB15

Mata Kuliah : Etika Profesi Akuntansi

Kelompok 6

Halaman 84-86

290.199 Ketika perusahaan menggunakan karya fungsi audit internal, ISA membutuhkan kinerja prosedur untuk menilai kecukupan dari pekerjaan itu. Ketika perusahaan menerima keterlibatan untuk memberikan jasa audit internal untuk klien audit, dan hasil layanan tersebut akan digunakan dalam melakukan audit eksternal, ancaman peninjauan diri dibuat karena kemungkinan bahwa tim audit akan menggunakan hasil dari layanan audit internal tanpa tepat mengevaluasi hasil tersebut atau berolahraga tingkat yang sama skeptisisme profesional seperti yang akan dilakukan ketika pekerjaan audit internal dilakukan oleh individu yang bukan anggota perusahaan. Arti penting dari ancaman akan tergantung pada faktor-faktor seperti:

• materialitas jumlah laporan keuangan terkait,

• Risiko salah saji dari pernyataan yang berkaitan dengan jumlah tersebut laporan keuangan, dan

• Tingkat ketergantungan yang akan ditempatkan di internal jasa audit. Arti penting dari ancaman harus dievaluasi dan perlindungan diterapkan bila diperlukan untuk menghilangkan ancaman tersebut atau menguranginya ke tingkat yang dapat diterima. Contoh dari pengamanan seperti menggunakan profesional yang bukan anggota tim audit untuk melakukan jasa audit internal.

Audit klien yang merupakan entitas kepentingan umum

 

290.200 Dalam kasus klien audit yang merupakan entitas kepentingan umum, perusahaan tidak akan memberikan jasa audit internal yang berhubungan dengan:

(a) Sebuah bagian penting dari pengendalian internal atas pelaporan keuangan,

(b) sistem akuntansi keuangan yang menghasilkan informasi yaitu, secara terpisah atau dalam agregat, signifikan terhadap catatan akuntansi klien atau laporan keuangan yang perusahaan akan mengungkapkan pendapat, atau

(c) Jumlah atau pengungkapan yang, secara terpisah atau dalam agregat, material terhadap laporan keuangan yang perusahaan akan mengungkapkan pendapat.

Sistem IT Services

Ketentuan Umum

 

290.201 Layanan yang berkaitan dengan teknologi informasi (TI) sistem meliputi desain atau implementasi perangkat keras atau sistem perangkat lunak. Sistem mungkin sumber data agregat, merupakan bagian dari pengendalian internal atas pelaporan keuangan atau menghasilkan informasi yang mempengaruhi catatan akuntansi atau laporan keuangan, atau sistem mungkin tidak terkait dengan catatan akuntansi klien audit, pengendalian internal atas pelaporan keuangan atau laporan keuangan. Memberikan layanan sistem mungkin menciptakan ancaman peninjauan diri tergantung pada sifat dari layanan dan sistem TI.

 

290.202 berikut layanan TI sistem dianggap tidak membuat ancaman terhadap independensi selama personil perusahaan jangan menganggap tanggung jawab manajemen:

(a) Desain atau implementasi sistem yang tidak terkait dengan pengendalian internal atas pelaporan keuangan TI

(b) desain atau implementasi sistem TI yang tidak menghasilkan informasi membentuk bagian penting dari catatan akuntansi atau laporan keuangan

(c) Pelaksanaan "dari rak" akuntansi atau perangkat lunak pelaporan informasi keuangan yang tidak dikembangkan oleh perusahaan jika kustomisasi diperlukan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan klien tidak signifikan, dan

(d) Mengevaluasi dan membuat rekomendasi sehubungan dengan sistem yang dirancang, dilaksanakan atau dioperasikan oleh penyedia layanan lain atau klien.

Audit klien yang tidak entitas kepentingan umum

 

290.203 Memberikan pelayanan kepada klien audit yang bukan merupakan entitas kepentingan umum yang melibatkan desain atau implementasi sistem TI yang

(a) membentuk bagian penting dari pengendalian internal atas pelaporan keuangan atau

(b) menghasilkan informasi yang signifikan terhadap akuntansi klien catatan atau laporan keuangan yang perusahaan akan mengungkapkan pendapat menciptakan ancaman peninjauan diri

290.204 ancaman peninjauan diri yang terlalu signifikan untuk memungkinkan layanan tersebut kecuali perlindungan yang tepat diletakkan di tempat untuk memastikan bahwa:

(a) Klien mengakui tanggung jawabnya untuk membangun dan memantau sistem pengendalian internal,

(b) Klien memberikan tanggung jawab untuk membuat semua keputusan manajemen sehubungan dengan desain dan implementasi sistem perangkat keras atau perangkat lunak untuk karyawan yang kompeten, sebaiknya dalam manajemen senior,

(c) Klien membuat semua keputusan manajemen sehubungan dengan proses desain dan implementasi,

(d) Klien mengevaluasi kecukupan dan hasil dari desain dan implementasi sistem, dan

(e) Klien bertanggung jawab untuk operasi sistem (hardware atau software) dan data menggunakan atau menghasilkan.

 

 290.205 Tergantung pada derajat ketergantungan yang akan ditempatkan pada sistem IT tertentu sebagai bagian dari audit, tekad harus dibuat, apakah untuk menyediakan layanan non-jaminan tersebut hanya dengan personil yang bukan anggota tim audit dan yang memiliki garis pelaporan yang berbeda dalam perusahaan. Signifikansi setiap ancaman yang tersisa harus dievaluasi dan perlindungan diterapkan bila diperlukan untuk menghilangkan ancaman tersebut atau menguranginya ke tingkat yang dapat diterima. Sebuah contoh dari upaya perlindungan seperti ini memiliki review akuntan profesional audit atau non-jaminan kerja.

Audit klien yang merupakan entitas kepentingan umum

 

290.206 Dalam kasus klien audit yang merupakan entitas kepentingan umum, perusahaan tidak wajib memberikan pelayanan yang melibatkan desain atau implementasi sistem TI yang

(a) membentuk bagian penting dari pengendalian internal atas pelaporan keuangan atau

(b) menghasilkan informasi yang signifikan terhadap catatan akuntansi klien atau laporan keuangan yang perusahaan akan mengungkapkan pendapat.

Layanan Dukungan Litigasi

 

290.207 layanan dukungan Litigasi dapat mencakup kegiatan seperti bertindak sebagai saksi ahli, menghitung estimasi kerugian atau jumlah lain yang mungkin menjadi piutang atau hutang akibat litigasi atau sengketa hukum lainnya, dan bantuan dengan manajemen dokumen dan pengambilan. Layanan ini dapat membuat peninjauan diri atau ancaman advokasi.

 

290.208 Jika perusahaan menyediakan layanan dukungan litigasi untuk klien audit dan layanan melibatkan memperkirakan kerusakan atau jumlah lain yang mempengaruhi laporan keuangan yang perusahaan akan mengungkapkan pendapat, ketentuan layanan valuasi termasuk dalam paragraf 290.175 sampai 290.180 harus diikuti. Dalam hal layanan dukungan litigasi lain, signifikansi setiap ancaman yang dibuat harus dievaluasi dan perlindungan diterapkan bila diperlukan untuk menghilangkan ancaman tersebut atau menguranginya ke tingkat yang dapat diterima.

Layanan Hukum

 

290.209 Untuk tujuan bagian ini, jasa hukum didefinisikan sebagai setiap jasa yang memberikan pelayanan harus baik diakui untuk praktek hukum sebelum peradilan di mana layanan tersebut akan diberikan atau memiliki pelatihan hukum yang diperlukan untuk praktek hukum. Jasa hukum tersebut dapat mencakup, tergantung pada yurisdiksi, berbagai dan beragam bidang termasuk kedua layanan korporasi dan komersial kepada klien, seperti kontrak dukungan, litigasi, merger dan akuisisi nasihat hukum dan dukungan dan bantuan kepada departemen hukum internal klien. Memberikan jasa hukum untuk suatu entitas yang merupakan klien audit dapat membuat kedua peninjauan diri dan ancaman advokasi.

Pembenaran Idul FItri

During this time many of us are mistaken on the meaning of the phrase 'Eid'. The word 'Eid' means 'again' and the word 'pure' because it is derived from the word 'FITHROH' (with marbuthoh ha) which means 'original' or 'pure' or 'clean'. So the word 'Eid Al Fitr' means 'return to origin we are clean / pure'. Fiqihnya argument, because the fasting person will be forgiven by God promised all his sins, so that on the 1st of Shawwal TSB him like a baby and the sacred from the stain of sin.Such understanding is etymologically incorrect. The word 'pure' in 'Eid Mubarak' is not derived from 'FITHROH' but from the word 'Fitr' (fathoro-yafthuru-ifthor) which means 'breaking the fast'. So the phrase 'Eid al-Fitr' means 'back breaking'. That is, one who had fasted again allowed to eat and drink in the morning on the 1st of Shawwal or sign bhwa powered Ramadan month ends.Because one of the arbitrary nature of language, meaning, of course, both legitimate and should-be wrote. However, if you ponder over the meaning of Eid al-Fitr in the first version (again a holy man) actually very heavy and speculative. Is it true that we do Ramadan fasting for a month is accepted by Allah SWT, so abort dosa2 us and lead us into the holy men like a baby? Though Prophet SAW.menengarai through his saying, that really how many people are fasting but because it does not do with faith and calculation (ikhtisaban) so that he would get only hunger and thirst alone. So the issue of whether or not the practice of fasting Ramadan received a servant really only God knows.On the basis that Ramadan fasting person may not be accepted by God is, then congratulations greeting Tahniah or taught by the prophet when antarsesama met in the Muslim Eid al-Fitr which 'Taqobalallahu minna waminka (waminkum), waja'alana minal' wal aidin faizin ", which means "May Allah accept Ramadan amaliyah ramdhan me and you / you guys, so we will be the one to go back (to religion) and those who have become happy for the victory".While the majority of our society Tahniah Eid al Fitr'' terminal'' aidin walfaizin = beg forgiveness. In addition to this interpretation is clearly erroneous also the phrase "beg forgiveness' as well as the real fuzzy semantic. Is sorry that was born? The word 'born' in the Indonesian language is taken from the Arabic 'al-dhohiru' meaning seems his form. While the word 'mind' is derived from the word 'al-bathinu', which does not seem arttinya his form. So if we follow the semantic meaning of the statement 'sorry and unseen' means apologize for any errors that appear or not appear. Is this true? (So ​​posited as if the person we turn to apology was clairvoyant / psychic who can memihat tidakj-looking and looks). Would not it be fitting if we apologize for the error-kesalan it intentional or unintentional that may be? It's more humane as well as rationalI think that may be due to mistaken understandings that is precisely why the first base of the Eid ritual in memory pockets of Muslims in this country and around it perceived as a cultural activity that face like we see today; gave rise to the movement of people on a large scale from the city to a village called forth, sungkeman tradition, the tradition of religious gatherings and the like .. In fact, if only the meaning Eid was on the second, the 'back breaking' may persoalanya will be much simpler and the arrival of Eid does not have to be a colossal cultural event like this. And Allaah knows best. (Kholid A.Harras)Beware Writing Errors :
1. Minal 'Aidin wal Faizin = Writing correct by writing phonological rules
2. Minal Aidin wal Faizin = Also right by EYD
3. Minal Aidzin wal Faidzin = False, because writing "dz" means the letter "dzal" in the Arabic alphabet
4. Minal Aizin wal Faizin = False, because the word "Aizin" should wear the letter "dal" or symbolized the letter "d" instead of "z"
5. Minal Aidin wal Faidin = Also wrong, because writing the word "Faidin", should wear the letter "za" or denoted by the letter "z" instead of "dz" or "d" 
Why is this worth noting? Because alphabetic writing error also means that also has implications for the interpretation could be wrong. As in English, the Look and Lock different meaning does not it? Though the difference is caused by one letter only

Artificial Floating Market

City Government (City) South Kalimantan Banjarmasin (South Kalimantan) will build traditional floating market that had been located in the river at the mouth of the Barito river Kuin, Banjarmasin river road scrapings Zafi Zam-Zam.

The idea of ​​building artificial floating market was intended to facilitate the tourists who want to see the floating market without having all the way to the mouth of the Kuin. In addition we also want to preserve and continue to build a floating market traders are now dwindling.

As we know, to be able to see the floating markets of the tourists have to be willing to get up before dawn to get to the river Barito Muara Kuin Banjarmasin by driving a motorized wooden boat called kelotok.

Tourists also have to be willing to break the chill atmosphere of the morning with about a half hour trip from departure pier located in front of the mosque of Sultan Suriansyah.

Such conditions make most tourists are reluctant to be able to enjoy the exotic floating market tour, due to the market a little late now dwindling merchant has been disbanded.

With the floating markets to which access is more easily accessible to tourists will be able to draw local tourists, national and foreign more come to Banjarmasin.

Currently floating market is still the mainstay of tourism South Kalimantan, which if not preserved feared would disappear eroded by modern markets.

Now it between tourists and travelers there are more merchants, so if this condition is left floating market over time feared living history.

Of tourist arrivals in South Kalimantan, based on data from the Department of Tourism Kalsel numbers continue to grow. However, increasing the number of travelers is pure coincidence or guests visiting for a business trip or a task or indeed want to watch the tour of South Kalimantan.

Source : My Deskription

How the Wifi in My Opinion

How can I make a computer so can relate to another computer?? By not using a wired or direct physical contact. The answer is a Wireless Network (Wireless Network).Here is an explanation on how the Wireless NetworkIn the beginning was explained that in order to connect a computer to one another, it is necessary to Wireless Networks. According to a book is concerned, so that the computers that are in the area of ​​wireless networks can be successful in sending and receiving data to and from each other, then there are three necessary components, namely:


    1. Signal Radio (Radio Signal).
    2. Data Format (Data Format).
    3. Structure Network or Network (Network Structure).Each one of these components operate independently in the workings and functions. We know the OSI 7 Layer Model (Open Systems Connection), namely:
1. Physical Layer
2. Data-Link Layer
3. Network Layer
4. Transport Layer
5. Session Layer
6. Presentation Layer
7. Application LayerEach of the three components mentioned above are in different layers. They work and control the different layers. For example:Radio signal (the first component), working on the physical layer, or physical layer. Then Format Data Format Data or control multiple layers on top. And network structure serves as a tool to send and receive radio signals.More specifically, how can diumpakan wireless LAN as the workings of a modem to send and receive data to and from the internet. We will send the data, wireless equipment was going to serve as a tool that converts digital data into radio signals. Then when you receive, equipment serves as a tool which converts radio signals into digital data that can be understood and processed by computers.
How radio signals can be converted into digital data?The basic principle used in wireless technology is actually taken out of the equation made by James Clerk Maxwell in 1964.In the equation, Maxwell vividly and clearly managed to point out the fact that, any changes in the magnetic field will create electric fields. And conversely, any changes in the electric fields will menciptaken magnetic fields.Maxwell further explained, when an electrical current (AC or alternating current) moves through a cable or physical medium (conductor) others, then, some part of the energy will be released into the free space around it, and then forms a magnetic field or an alternating magnetic field.Then, the magnetic field created by the energy is released it will create an electric field in free space, which then would create a magnetic field again, and then again the electric field, magnetic field again, and so on, until the original electric current or the first stop (interrupted , red).Form of energy that is created from these changes, referred to as electromagnetic radiation (electromagnetic radiation), or commonly known as radio waves. That means, the radio can be defined as the radiation of electromagnetic energy is released into the air (free space).Tool that generates radio waves that commonly called TRANSMITTER. Then the tool used to detect and capture radio waves that no air was, commonly called RECEIVER.That both these devices (transmitter and receiver) is more focused when you send, making a wave pattern, directing, improve, and radio signal, to and from the air, then dibantulah with other tools, namely ANTENNA.Thanks to the equations of Maxwell, transmitter, receiver, and antenna, which is then incorporated into all wireless LAN equipment that, then the computers can communicate, send and receive data via radio waves, or commonly referred to as wireless netwok.So many radio stations with different frequency so as not to collide with each other, the radio waves are sent into the air that could be arranged frequencynya. That is the way to set or modify the electric currents that are the sender and receiver equipment earlier (transmitter, receiver).And the distance of separation between frequency be called SPECTRUM. Then, the smallest part of the spectrum called BAND. And to measure the number of loops from one wave to wave that occurs in a matter of seconds, the unit is used HERTZ (Hz).Hertz, taken from the name of the person who first attempted to send and pick up radio waves, which HEINRICH HERTZ. One hertz is calculated as the distance between one wave to the next wave. And radio signals are generally located on the frequency of thousands, millions, or billions of hertz (kHz, MHz, GHz). By adjusting the frequency that the radio signals can not collide.

Source : Book Perkembangan IT  di Indonesia
and My Deskription

Smoke

It is ironic indeed that a man very concerned about the balance of nature caused by the fuel combustion process industries that emit pollution, but on the other hand people deliberately burning cigarette production gas flow to their lungs.

Smoking has become a cultural habit in many nations in the world. The majority of smokers worldwide, 47 percent are men, while 12 per cent of the population is a population of women with a variety of age categories. Diverse backgrounds smoking, among teenagers and adult men is the prestige factor and so called hero, in fact there is one interesting proverb is used as justification for the habit of smoking is `no roosters on tiles, guns smoking guns` handsome. While among the elderly, stress and addiction is a factor because the desire to smoke.

Various reasons and causes for smoke above are usually lost if the experts argue about the potential harmful expert on what caused the smoking habit both for themselves, others and the environment. It must be admitted that many smokers say that smoking is not bad but of the many pamphlets, leaflets, anti-smoking campaigns, cigarette packs to be warned of the health hazards of cigarettes, still can not mengubris massively reduced smoking and the number of smokers

How to Make a Facebook

how to make a facebook
Facebook is a very popular medium of socialization today, on facebook we can make friends, insights, and we can offer our business to friends who are on facebook, and many more benefits of facebook.
create facebook emotion have email
 
How to create email
- Fill in your first name and your last name
- Input the name of your desired email
- And enter a password to keep your email can not be opened by others
- Provide clarity domicile, and upload photos to your email
- Read and checklist requirements
- completed

After creating the email we can directly make facebook at www.facebook.com
- The first content first name and last name of your facebook
- Write the email address that you've created
- You just enter your home address or your domicile to be easily searchable with your friends
- Enter code chapca
- Verification confirmation through your email
- Once in facebook verification be yours, and you can upload pictures facebook andan, and make friends as much as possible

 advised to hack facebook not in others, we can use a password that is difficult, not the date of birth or the like, it's better than facebook password change our routine, do not forget melogout your facebook after you use it even if it's in your own cell phone or notebook

Resep RIsol / Ring Roll

Risoles Vegetable recipes tasty addition to the content of mayonnaise. How to make this easy snack, make us happy to be creative on this one favorite food. This snack cake is one of my favorite food because it tastes tender and tasty and when eaten always with cayenne pepper, hmm spicy but delicious and very tasty indeed. of that we started yuk see how is this recipe.

Ingredients for the contents:

     500 grams of carrots, sliced ​​grid squares, boiled briefly drain.
     250 grams chicken fillet, boiled, suir suir
     5 tablespoons flour
     300 ml milk
     3 cloves garlic, finely chopped
     ground pepper to taste
     salt to taste
     sugar to taste


Ingredients for skin:

250 grams of wheat flour
1 egg
2 tablespoons of cooking oil
water to taste
salt to taste


Complementary frying:
1 egg
250 grams of bread flour / panir
1 tablespoon lukewarm water


how to create content risoles:

     - First Saute chopped garlic in oil rather a lot, and put the flour and stir quickly.
     - Add milk gradually, stirring stir unidirectional
     - Enter suir chicken, sliced ​​carrots and spices marinade
     - Stir stir until cooked


How to make skin risoles:
- First Mix flour, eggs, cooking oil and water, stirring with a mixer and give salt to taste.
- Note the dilution solution, (can roughly scrambled)
- The dough rest 30 minutes.
- Dadarlah skin

Fried yuk:
- Take a piece of leather, then fill with stuffing mixture, fold, glue the egg whites, until the skins do out
- Risoles Dip into egg and water solution, lift, and roll into flour panir.
- Rest 30 minutes before frying, so flour glue. Then fry until golden. and finishes.

Thus we have passed the finish making these tasty snacks, a matter of taste, I guess all you stay in the know take 1 piece of chili, a little nip and eat risolesnya, yum yum .. will feel Suiran chicken and sliced ​​carrots that have been wrapped by milk , steady. now you have homework section Risoles Recipes Tasty Vegetables.
Description:
Cooking time: 1 Hour 30 Minutes and Make: 20 Pcs,

News 8 June 2013

Unloading Circulation of Drugs in Prison, Police Secure Way yam 4 InmatesAdan Fuel - detikNewsLampung - Bandar Lampung Police Drug Unit back dismantle drug trafficking networks in correctional institutions (prisons) Way yam, Lampung. The police managed to arrest four inmates who actively control the sale of drugs. In addition, police also secured to a courier.Hadi prisoners were secured Afriadi (30) and Apin (28) who is a citizen of Bandar Lampung, Purna Irawan (32), a resident of West Java, and Candara Chaniago (34) Acehnese. While the courier who was arrested is Andri Kurniawan (28) resident of Bandar Lampung.Drug naked Bandar Lampung Police Commissioner Sunaryoto explained, the discovery of drugs in the prison network originated from the arrest of two people, Suherman (31) and Andri Kurniawan (28), which is being used cannabis at a house in Jalan RE Martadinata, Gang Barokah, District of West Telukbetung , Bandar Lampung, on Monday (3/6) ago."In the arrest, police confiscated methamphetamine and some marijuana package dry. Having checked Andi admitted that marijuana is a surrogate one prisoner in prison Way yam. Of information that the police investigate the case and to develop into prisons, "said Sunaryoto told AFP on Saturday (06/08/2013).Evidence secured from Andi and Suherman home, police found three small packs of shabu-shabu, a set of suction shabu-shabu, two packages of dried marijuana leaves as much as 2 kg of small and large sizes.The police then worked with the Head of Prison yam Way to catch inmates who coordinate drug trafficking. The police had managed to arrest four inmates who are related to each other. In the prison, the police managed to secure mobile phones belonging to the prisoners.According Sunaryoto, inmates ordered one prisoner to another to obtain marijuana. Inmates who have a network outside of this later book and asked to be taken to the prison. Andrew had been the intermediary to buy and deliver marijuana. "The plan, 1 kg of marijuana would be sold in the prison and the rest are sold out. Cannabis dealer ordered the wrong one, Udin, who until now have not been caught, "he said.Andrew admitted to police twice already deliver marijuana into the prison. Marijuana was put in prison by the way threw it over the wall. The couriers get paid 500 thousand each time managed to get marijuana into the prison.Sunaryoto added, which controls drug prisoners is indeed so inmates for the same case. They've been sentenced to long prison terms up to more than five years. Next they will be tried again for new cases of drug trafficking in prison.

My Opinion
Drugs are the world's problems, especially in Indonesia, which is difficult for us to destroy, persons involved in drug trafficking is a devil circle that can not terlapas of the job.
there is a leader dealer in Indonesia, we can assist the government in combating drug with knowledge of the dangers of drugs
but it also forces parties to be responsive to face drug trafficking problems are more widespread

Source : http://news.detik.com/read/2013/06/08/083128/2267722/10/bongkar-peredaran-narkoba-dalam-lapas-polisi-amankan-4-napi-way-huwi 

What Is Cancer? What Causes Cancer?

Cancer is a class of diseases characterized by out-of-control cell growth. There are over 100 different types of cancer, and each is classified by the type of cell that is initially affected.
Cancer harms the body when damaged cells divide uncontrollably to form lumps or masses of tissue called tumors (except in the case of leukemia where cancer prohibits normal blood function by abnormal cell division in the blood stream). Tumors can grow and interfere with the digestive, nervous, and circulatory systems, and they can release hormones that alter body function. Tumors that stay in one spot and demonstrate limited growth are generally considered to be benign.

More dangerous, or malignant, tumors form when two things occur:

1. a cancerous cell manages to move throughout the body using the blood or lymph systems, destroying healthy tissue in a process called invasion
2. that cell manages to divide and grow, making new blood vessels to feed itself in a process called angiogenesis.

When a tumor successfully spreads to other parts of the body and grows, invading and destroying other healthy tissues, it is said to have metastasized. This process itself is called metastasis, and the result is a serious condition that is very difficult to treat.
How cancer spreads - scientists reported in Nature Communications (October 2012 issue) that they have discovered an important clue as to why cancer cells spread. It has something to do with their adhesion (stickiness) properties. Certain molecular interactions between cells and the scaffolding that holds them in place (extracellular matrix) cause them to become unstuck at the original tumor site, they become dislodged, move on and then reattach themselves at a new site.
The researchers say this discovery is important because cancer mortality is mainly due to metastatic tumors, those that grow from cells that have traveled from their original site to another part of the body. Only 10% of cancer deaths are caused by the primary tumors.
The scientists, from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, say that finding a way to stop cancer cells from sticking to new sites could interfere with metastatic disease, and halt the growth of secondary tumors.
In 2007, cancer claimed the lives of about 7.6 million people in the world. Physicians and researchers who specialize in the study, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cancer are called oncologists.
Malignant cells are more agile than non-malignant ones - scientists from the Physical Sciences-Oncology Centers, USA, reported in the journal Scientific Reports (April 2013 issue) that malignant cells are much “nimbler” than non-malignant ones. Malignant cells can pass more easily through smaller gaps, as well as applying a much greater force on their environment compared to other cells.
Professor Robert Austin and team created a new catalogue of the physical and chemical features of cancerous cells with over 100 scientists from 20 different centers across the United States.
The authors believe their catalogue will help oncologists detect cancerous cells in patients early on, thus preventing the spread of the disease to other parts of the body
Prof. Austin said "By bringing together different types of experimental expertise to systematically compare metastatic and non-metastatic cells, we have advanced our knowledge of how metastasis occurs."

What causes cancer?

Cancer is ultimately the result of cells that uncontrollably grow and do not die. Normal cells in the body follow an orderly path of growth, division, and death. Programmed cell death is called apoptosis, and when this process breaks down, cancer begins to form. Unlike regular cells, cancer cells do not experience programmatic death and instead continue to grow and divide. This leads to a mass of abnormal cells that grows out of control.

My Comment
indeed cancer is one of the dangerous diseases other than heart disease. This cancer is caused from human lifestyle that often consume chemicals and are not accepted by the body, so the body gives a negative response, causing swelling of the cancer cells in the body and the cells continue to grow and can both cause death to a person.
many ways to deal with the disease it helps us to prevent, that is by consuming vegetables and fruit without chemicals. one of the fruits for cancer prevention tomato is a fruit, it helps us to consume this fruit a day at least one fruit .
 Source : http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/cancer-oncology/
and my opinion

What Is a Computers?

What is a Computer?

In its most basic form a computer is any device which aids humans in performing various kinds of computations or calculations. In that respect the earliest computer was the abacus, used to perform basic arithmetic operations.

Every computer supports some form of input, processing, and output. This is less obvious on a primitive device such as the abacus where input, output and processing are simply the act of moving the pebbles into new positions, seeing the changed positions, and counting. Regardless, this is what computing is all about, in a nutshell. We input information, the computer processes it according to its basic logic or the program currently running, and outputs the results.

Modern computers do this electronically, which enables them to perform a vastly greater number of calculations or computations in less time. Despite the fact that we currently use computers to process images, sound, text and other non-numerical forms of data, all of it depends on nothing more than basic numerical calculations. Graphics, sound etc. are merely abstractions of the numbers being crunched within the machine; in digital computers these are the ones and zeros, representing electrical on and off states, and endless combinations of those. In other words every image, every sound, and every word have a corresponding binary code.

While abacus may have technically been the first computer most people today associate the word “computer” with electronic computers which were invented in the last century, and have evolved into modern computers we know of today.

Interpreter Engine : www.translate.com

Polution Air

Smog hanging over cities is the most familiar and obvious form of air pollution. But there are different kinds of pollution—some visible, some invisible—that contribute to global warming. Generally any substance that people introduce into the atmosphere that has damaging effects on living things and the environment is considered air pollution.
Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, is the main pollutant that is warming Earth. Though living things emit carbon dioxide when they breathe, carbon dioxide is widely considered to be a pollutant when associated with cars, planes, power plants, and other human activities that involve the burning of fossil fuels such as gasoline and natural gas. In the past 150 years, such activities have pumped enough carbon dioxide into the atmosphere to raise its levels higher than they have been for hundreds of thousands of years.
Other greenhouse gases include methane—which comes from such sources as swamps and gas emitted by livestock—and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which were used in refrigerants and aerosol propellants until they were banned because of their deteriorating effect on Earth's ozone layer.
Another pollutant associated with climate change is sulfur dioxide, a component of smog. Sulfur dioxide and closely related chemicals are known primarily as a cause of acid rain. But they also reflect light when released in the atmosphere, which keeps sunlight out and causes Earth to cool. Volcanic eruptions can spew massive amounts of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere, sometimes causing cooling that lasts for years. In fact, volcanoes used to be the main source of atmospheric sulfur dioxide; today people are.
Industrialized countries have worked to reduce levels of sulfur dioxide, smog, and smoke in order to improve people's health. But a result, not predicted until recently, is that the lower sulfur dioxide levels may actually make global warming worse. Just as sulfur dioxide from volcanoes can cool the planet by blocking sunlight, cutting the amount of the compound in the atmosphere lets more sunlight through, warming the Earth. This effect is exaggerated when elevated levels of other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap the additional heat.
Most people agree that to curb global warming, a variety of measures need to be taken. On a personal level, driving and flying less, recycling, and conservation reduces a person’s "carbon footprint"—the amount of carbon dioxide a person is responsible for putting into the atmosphere.
On a larger scale, governments are taking measures to limit emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. One way is through the Kyoto Protocol, an agreement between countries that they will cut back on carbon dioxide emissions. Another method is to put taxes on carbon emissions or higher taxes on gasoline, so that people and companies will have greater incentives to conserve energy and pollute less.

Source : Book Polution City(2008) and my description

Tugas Bahasa Inggris

1. The defendant refused to answer the prosecutor’s question ….

My answer :

a.Because he was afraid it would in criminate him.

Because : said it already represents the answer, and the question shaped past sentences, the verb2 form of the word refused.

2. Mrs. Walker has returned ….

My answer :

d.The wallet to its original owner

Because : after the return should be the object, shaped pasten returned, so the correct answer The wallet to its original owner .

3. The hospital owes …. For the contruction of the new wing.

My answer :

a.The government twenty million dollars

Because : after the word owes (verb direct) should direct object, there should be no prepositions, The Government is the object.

4. Sarah …. That she could not attend classes next week.

My answer :

c.Told her propessors

Because : after the direct object must be told that her professors

5. The artist was asked to show some paintings at the contest because ….

My answer :

a.He painted very good

Because : forms of past and get on with it clause

6. If motorists do not observe (A) the (B) traffic regulations, they (C) will be stopped, ticketed, and have to pay a fine (D).

My answer :

D.have to pay a fine

Because : must be parallel, word would have to pay a fine should be paid directly (shape verb3)

7. Fred, who usually conducts the choir rehearsals (A), did not show up (B) last night because he had (C) an accidents on his way to the practice (D)

My answer :

C.had

Because : no parallel

8. A short time (A) before her operation last (B) month, Mrs. Carlyle dreams (C) of her daughter who lives overseas (D).

My answer :

C.Dreams

Because : should use the word dream to be dreamed verb 2

9. The atmosphere in Andalucia (A) is open, warm, and gives a welcome feeling (B) to all who (C) have the good (D) fortune to visit there.

My answer :

B.Gives a welcome feeling

Because : must be parallel, and gives the word changed to give

10. Some of the (A) people were standing (B) in the street watched (C) the parade, while other (D) where singing songs.

My answer :

A.Of the

Because : some peolpe should not have to use of the

TOEFL EXERCISE Softskill UG

Nama : Muhammad Ashar Hafiz
NPM : 29210200
Kelas : 3EB15

1. Nobody know when the process of glass-making was invented.
   

The incorrect word : A. know
The reason : Nobody is a singular subject. so the verb is must be followed by s/es
The correct sentence : Nobody knows when the process of glass-making was invented.

2. The languages of the world presents a vast array of structural similarities and differences.
   

The incorrect word : A. presents
The reason : because the languages is a plural subject, so that it does not need to be followed by s/es in the end of the verb.
The correct sentence : The languages of the world present a vast array of structural similarities and differences.

3. The rise of multinationals have resulted in a great deal of legal ambiguity because multinationals can operate in so many jurisdictions.
   

The incorrect word : A. have
The reason : The rise of multinationals is looks like a plural subject, but it can be change to ‘it‘ which is a singular subject that has the auxiliary verb such as : is,was, does,has.
The correct sentence : The rise of multinationals has resulted in a great deal of legal ambiguity because multinationals can operate in so many jurisdictions.

4. All of the east-west interstate highways in the United States has even numbers,while north-south interstate highways are odd-numbered.
   

The incorrect word : A. has
The reason : All of the east-west interstate highways is a plural subject so it must be followed by the one of auxiliary verb for the plural subject, have.
The correct sentence : All of the east-west interstate highways in the United States have even numbers,while north-south interstate highways are odd-numbered.

5. When a massive star in the large Magellanic Cloud exploded in 1987, a wave of neutrinos were defected on Earth.
   

The incorrect word : D. were
The reason : a wave of neutrinos is a singular subject, so it must follow with was the one of auxiliary verb for singular subject.
The correct sentence : When a massive star in the large Magellanic Cloud exploded in 1987, a wave of neutrinos was defected on Earth.

6. Every open space in the targeted area that has grass and a few bushes are occupied by the white-crowned sparrow.
   

The incorrect word : C. are
The reason : every open space is a singular subject. so it must be followed by is, not are.
The correct sentence : Every open space in the targeted area that has grass and a few bushes is occupied by the white-crowned sparrow.

7. Krakatoa is remembered as the volcano that put so much ash into the air that sunsets around the world was affected for two years afterward.The incorrect word : B. put
   

The reason : krakatoa is a singular subject. So it must be followed by singular verb that contains s/es in the end of the word.
The correct sentence : Krakatoa is remembered as the volcano that puts so much ash into the air that sunsets around the world was affected for two years afterward.

8. The term “Yankee” was originally a nickname for people from New England, but now anyone from the United States are referred to as a Yankee.
   

The incorrect word : B. are
The reason : anyone is a singular verb, and from the beginning of this sentence suggests the singular too.
The correct sentence : The term “Yankee” was originally a nickname for people from New England, but now anyone from the United States is referred to as a Yankee.

9. A network of small arteries,mostly sandwiched between the skin and the underlying muscles,supply blood to the face and scalp.
   

The incorrect word : C. supply
The reason : a network of small arteries included in the singular subject, so the verb must be followed by s/es.
The correct sentence : A network of small arteries,mostly sandwiched between the skin and the underlying muscles,supplies blood to the face and scalp.

10. Mesquite is a small tree in the Southwest who can withstand the severest drought.
    

The incorrect word : D. withstand
The reason : Mesquite is a singular subject. So, the verb must be followed by s/es.
The correct sentence :Mesquite is a small tree in the Southwest who can withstands the severest drought.

PERBEDAAN ANTARA KONTEKSTUAL DAN KONSEPTUAL

PERBEDAAN ANTARA KONTEKSTUAL DAN KONSEPTUAL

Bahasa Indonesia 2 #
Tulisan

Menurut kamus besar bahasa indonesia yang saya telusuri diperoleh arti/definisi sebagai berikut :

Konsep          : Rancangan (rencana) tertulis perumusan sementara mengenai suatu

undang-undang peraturan penetapan.

Konteks         :Suasana, bagian yang mendahului sesuatu (khas kalimat atau ayat)     dan bagian berikutnya.

Sedangkan pengertian kerangka konseptual dan kontekstual adalah sebagai berikut:

·     Kerangka konseptual adalah kesimpulan yang bersifat sementara dari tinjauan teoritis yang mencerminkan hubungan antar variabel yang sedang diteliti. Menurut Sugiyono (2004 : 49) kerangka konseptual merupakan sintesa tentang hubungan antar variabel yang disusun dari berbagai teori yang telah dideskripsikan.

Kerangka Konseptual adalah antara jenis teori yang mencoba untuk menghubungkan ke semua aspek yang ditemui ( definisi masalah, tujuan,sorotan kajian, metodologi,pengumpulan dan penganalisisan data. Kerangka Konseptual berperanan sebagai peta yang berkaitan dengan penemuan secara impirikal (pemerhatian atau ujian ). Ini karena, kerangka konseptual berpontensi sangat berhubungan penemuan impirikal mereka menggunakan bentuk-bentuk yang berbeda tergantung kepada persoalan atau masalah kajian.

·        Kerangka kontekstual adalah satu koleksi konsep-konsep yang berkaitan. Kerangka kontekstual menjadi panduan dalam menjalankan sesuatu kajian. Ia menjadi penentu kepada perkara-perkara yang ingin diukur dan melihat hubungan-hubungan satistik yang akan dicari.

Dengan kata lain, kerangka teori (kontekstual)  adalah huraian yang menegaskan tentang teori yang dijadikan landasan dan andaian-andaian teori, yang mana teori tersebut akan menjelaskan fenomena yang dikaji.

Pendekatan Kontekstual

Dalam dunia pendidikan sering dijumpai kata kontekstual yang mendefinisikan proses pembelajaran yang diterapkan oleh pendidik. Pendekatan konstektual merupakan suatu konsep belajar dimana guru menghadirkan situasi dunia nyata kedalam kelas dan mendorong siswa membuat membuat hubungan antara pengetahuan yang dimilikinya dengan penerapannya dalam kehidupan mereka sebagai anggota keluarga dan masyarakat. Hasil pembekajaran diharapkan lebih bermakna bagi anak untuk memecahkan persoalan, berfikir kritis danmelaksanakan observasi serta menarik kesimpulan dalam kehidupan jangka panjangnya.

Dalam tata bahasa Indonesia konseptual dan kontekstual memiliki makna dan pengertian tersendiri.

1.    Makna kontekstual dapat diartikan sebagai makna kata yang berada pada suatu uraian atau kalimat yang dapat mengandung atau menambah kejelasan makna, yang dipengaruhi oleh situasi, tempat, waktu, lingkungan penggunaan kata tersebut. Artinya, munculnya makna kontekstual bisa disebabkan oleh situasi, tempat, waktu, dan lingkungan. Misalnya penggunaan makna kontokstual terdapat pada kalimat berikut:

a.    Kanaya menjadi tangan kanan di perusahaan tempat ia bekerja.

b.    Hamed terjatuh dari pohon, sehingga tangannya terluka.

Arti makna kata :

a.    Kata “tangan” yang terdapat dalam kalimat tersebut mempunyai arti orang kepercayaan.  Makna tersebut dipengaruhi oleh situasi dan kondisi.

b.    Kata “tangan” yang terdapat dalam kalimat tersebut adalah makna denotasi (makna sebenarnya) yang berarti bagian dari organ tubuh manusia.

2.    Makna konseptual diartikan sebagai hal-hal yang berhubungan dengan konsep. Dapat dikatakan, makna konseptual merupakan makna yang ada pada kata yang tidak tergantung pada konteks kalimat. Makna konseptual sama artinya dengan makna denotatif, mana referensial,dan makna gramatikal. Contoh dari makna konseptual yaitu terdapat pada contoh diatas bagian (b).

Sumber :

http://colinawati.blog.uns.ac.id/2010/05/10/12/

http://malingall.blogspot.com/